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Chapter 14Nationalist Movement and Formation of Andhra PradeshUpdated

Justice Party, Non-Brahmin Movement and Political Awakening

How grievances over posts, seats and caste in the Madras Presidency produced the Non-Brahmin Movement and the Justice Party, what its governments did between 1920 and 1937, and how these politics shaped political awakening in the Telugu districts.

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Chapter Overview Map

In this section: 1 mind map

Figure 14.1Chapter overview
Justice Party, Non-Brahmin Movement and Political Awakening (about 1912–1944)

  1. 14.1–14.2 Background and origins

    • In the Madras Presidency, a small educated Brahmin group held a large share of government posts and university places in the early 20th century.
    • Non-Brahmin leaders formed the Madras United League (1912), later the Madras Dravidian Association.

  2. 14.3–14.4 Formation and ideas

    • The South Indian Liberal Federation, called the Justice Party after its English daily, was founded at Madras on 20 November 1916.
    • Its Non-Brahmin Manifesto (December 1916) demanded representation and opposed Home Rule as premature.

  3. 14.5–14.8 Power and policy

    • Under dyarchy (Government of India Act, 1919), the party won the 1920 election and ruled for most years till 1937.
    • Communal Government Orders (1921, 1922, 1927) spread public jobs among communities.

  4. 14.9–14.14 Andhra and wider movements

    • Telugu leaders such as the Raja of Panagal, K.V. Reddi Naidu and the Raja of Bobbili headed ministries.
    • Andhra University (1926), the Adi-Andhra movement, the Self-Respect Movement and Telugu regional consciousness grew alongside the party.

  5. 14.15–14.16 Decline and legacy

    • The party lost heavily to the Congress in 1937; in 1944 its majority became the Dravidar Kazhagam.
    • It left behind representation-based social justice ideas and institutions.

  6. Don't confuse

    • The Non-Brahmin Movement was a wide current; the Justice Party was one organisation within it.
    • The Andhra Mahasabha of the Madras Presidency (1913) is different from the Nizam's Andhra Mahasabha (1930).

Notice the arc of the chapter: grievances, then organisation, then power under dyarchy, then the Andhra story, and finally decline and legacy. The last branch holds two common mix-ups.

Inside this chapter

What Justice Party, Non-Brahmin Movement and Political Awakening covers

  1. Chapter Overview Map
  2. Social and Political Conditions in Colonial Andhra
  3. Origins of the Non-Brahmin Movement in the Madras Presidency
  4. Formation of the Justice Party
  5. The Non-Brahmin Manifesto and the Party's Programme
  6. Constitutional Reforms, Dyarchy and Elections
  7. Justice Party Governments in the Madras Presidency
  8. Communal Representation and the Communal Government Orders
  9. Educational and Social Reforms of the Justice Era
  10. The Justice Party and the Andhra Region
  11. Andhra Personalities in Non-Brahmin Politics
  12. The Justice Party and the Indian National Congress
  13. Non-Brahmin Politics and Wider Social Justice Movements
  14. The Self-Respect Movement and Non-Brahmin Politics
  15. Political Awakening and Regional Identity in Andhra
  16. Challenges, Decline and Transformation of the Justice Party
  17. Comparative Study and Historical Significance
  18. Location and Map Practice
  19. Memory and Recall Review
  20. Rapid Revision Sheet
All 17 chapters in History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh
  1. The Satavahanas and Ikshvakus
  2. The Salankayanas, Pallavas and Vishnukundins
  3. The Eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Renati Cholas
  4. Society, Religion, Language, Literature, Art and Architecture in Ancient Andhra
  5. The Kakatiyas and Reddi Kingdoms
  6. The Gajapatis, Vijayanagara Empire and Regional Powers
  7. Evolution of Telugu Language and Literature
  8. Socio-Cultural and Religious Life, Fine Arts and Architecture in Medieval Andhra
  9. European Settlements and Colonial Rule in Andhra
  10. Colonial Education, Missionaries and Intellectual Contributions
  11. Social Reform and Literary Awakening in Modern Andhra
  12. Press, Library Movement and Cultural Traditions of Andhra
  13. Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh
  14. Justice Party, Non-Brahmin Movement and Political Awakening
  15. Nationalist Literature, Grandhalaya Movement and Role of Women
  16. Andhra Movement and Formation of Andhra State, 1953
  17. Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and the AP Reorganisation Act, 2014

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