- Emergency provisions are contained in Part XVIII of the Constitution, covering Articles 352-360.
- Emergency provisions enable the Union to respond to extraordinary threats involving national security, constitutional governance or financial stability.
- During certain emergencies, India's normally federal constitutional structure acquires strong unitary features without a formal constitutional amendment.
- The Constitution provides three principal emergency mechanisms.
| Type | Constitutional basis | Trigger |
|---|---|---|
| National Emergency | Article 352 | War, external aggression or armed rebellion |
| President's Rule | Article 356 | Failure of constitutional machinery in a state |
| Financial Emergency | Article 360 | Threat to financial stability or credit |